Institute of Fundamental Technological Research

Dubey Ved P., Kopeć M., Łazińska M., Kowalewski Zbigniew L.L., Yield surface identification of CP-Ti and its evolution reflecting pre-deformation under complex loading, International Journal of Plasticity, ISSN: 0749-6419, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103677, Vol.167, pp.1-21, 2023

Abstract:
Uniaxial testing methods to characterize materials provide only limited data that is insufficient to fully understand all aspects of their behaviour, such as initial texture or anisotropy. Therefore, this research aims to conduct complex stress loading experiments to understand the physical mechanism accountable for plastic deformation caused by monotonic tension and tension assisted by proportional cyclic torsion in the CP-Ti (Commercially Pure Titanium). The yield surface approach was applied to assess the variation of mechanical properties in the as-received and predeformed material. It was found, that such monotonic tension associated with cyclic torsion caused a significant decrease of the tensile stress. The initial yield surface obtained for the asreceived material exhibits anisotropic behaviour, whereas, the sizes of subsequent yield surface reflecting pre-deformation were reduced in all directions with exception of the tension direction.

Keywords:
yield surface,pre-deformation,plastic anisotropy,cycle loading,tubular specimen

Chen H., Hou P., Zhou X., Black L., Adu-Amankwah S., Feng P., Cui N., Glinicki M.A., Cai Y., Zhang S., Zhao P., Li Q., Cheng X., Toward performance improvement of supersulfated cement by nano silica: Asynchronous regulation on the hydration kinetics of silicate and aluminate, CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, ISSN: 0008-8846, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107117, Vol.167, No.107117, pp.1-11, 2023

Abstract:
Supersulfated cement (SSC) is a traditional low-carbon cement, but its slow hydration and strength development has limited its practical applications. Nano silica (NS) was used to activate the hydration of SSC by taking advantage of its ability to regulate silicate and aluminate reactions. The mechanical performance of various mixes was determined, as a function of sulfation degree and NS addition, as pore structure, phase assemblage, hydration degree, and microstructure. Results showed that NS improves the hydration degree of slag, densifies the microstructure, and significantly increases both early- and late-age compressive strength. The enhancement was attributed to its effects on the hydration of slag in SSC: delaying ettringite formation, but promoting C-(A)-S-H precipitation, reducing microporosity. This study reveals the critical role of the regulation of hydration kinetics of silicate and aluminate in controlling the performance of SSC as NS does.

Keywords:
Supersulfated cement, Nano silica, Gypsum content, Mechanical property, Microstructure

Tabin J., Nalepka K.T., Kawałko J., Brodecki A., Bała P., Kowalewski Z.L., Plastic Flow Instability in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steels at Room Temperature, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN: 1073-5623, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-023-07223-5, pp.1-6, 2023

Abstract:
A remarkable plastic flow instability is observed during tensile deformation of the commercial 304 stainless-steel sheet at room temperature. It has been found that the occurrence of plastic flow instability in 304 is dependent on the strain rate and specimen gage length. Moreover, it is essentially the same as the necking caused by plastic instability in 316L. However, the enhanced strain hardening resulting from deformation-induced martensitic transformation facilitates the orderly propagation of the strain-localized band.

Glinicki M.A., Concrete durability evaluation in new built pavement sections of expressways in Poland, CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, DOI: 10.32047/CWB.2023.28.2.4, Vol.28, No.2, pp.105-119, 2023

Abstract:
A review of concrete durability at several sections of the new built expressways in Poland is presented. Two-layers jointed plain concrete pavements were constructed using a slip-form technology. For freeze-thaw and deicing salts durability of concrete the specified air void properties, including the spacing factor and the microvoids content, was evaluated on core specimens drilled from the constructed pavements. The observed system of fine air voids indicates optimal features for increased frost and scaling resistance without a significant negative impact on strength. The correlation was established between the microvoid content in the hardened concrete and the data of the Super Air Metre on fresh concrete mix was established. Concrete durability in high moisture environment, combined with fatigue traffic load and external supply of alkaline deicing salt solutions, was considered using newly developed principles of nonreactive aggregate selection. The aggregate selection based on petrographic analysis and the assessment of expansive behaviour of concrete was fully confirmed using the performance tests with external supply of sodium chloride. The suitability of the established methodology for durability acceptance testing for exploration of alternative materials for paving is discussed.

Keywords:
air voids, durability, jointed plain concrete pavement, materials selection, performance test

Psiuk R., Mościcki T., Chrzanowska-Giżyńska J., Kurpaska , Radziejewska J.^♦, Denis P., Garbiec D., Chmielewski M., Mechanical and Thermal Properties of W-Ta-B Coatings Deposited by High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS), Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16020664, Vol.16, No.2, pp.1-12, 2023

Abstract:
We present the deposition and characterization of tungsten-tantalum diboride (W,Ta)B2 coatings prepared by the high-power impulse magnetron sputtering technique. We evaluated the influence of pulse duration and substrate bias on the properties of (W,Ta)B2 films. A high hardness of up to 35 GPa measured by nanoindentation was simultaneously obtained with good elastic properties. Changing the pulse duration greatly affected the B/(W+Ta) atomic ratio, which influenced the properties of the coatings. The deposited films are thermally stable at up to 1000 ◦C in vacuum and are able to withstand oxidation at 500 ◦C.

Keywords:
tungsten diboride, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), hardness, thermal stability, oxidation resistance

Kopeć M., Politis D., Advances in Sheet Metal Forming Processes of Lightweight Alloys, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16093293, Vol.16, No.3293, pp.1-4, 2023

Abstract:
With the continuously growing need for more fuel-efficient and sustainable vehicles, the characterization and modeling of metal-forming processes have been indispensable in the development of new products. In the automotive and aviation sector, low-strength structural components are commonly produced from aluminum alloys, and higher-strength
structural components are made from ultra-high-strength steels (UHSSs) and titanium alloys. The main issue experienced during the hot forming of complex-shaped components from difficult-to-form alloys is that they are time-, energy-, and cost-intensive. The aircraft industry currently uses methods such as superplastic forming (SPF), superplastic forming with diffusion bonding (SPF-DB), hot stretch forming, hot gas-pressure forming, and isothermal hot forming. Moreover, novel techniques have been developed to produce complex-shaped structural components including solution heat treatment, forming and in-die quenching (HFQ), quick-plastic forming, hot stamping using rapid heating, and fast
light alloy stamping technology (FAST).

Golasiński K., Staszczak M., Pieczyska E.A., Energy Storage and Dissipation in Consecutive Tensile Load-Unload Cycles of Gum Metal, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16093288, Vol.16, No.9, pp.1-17, 2023

Abstract:
Multifunctional β-titanium alloy Gum Metal, characterized by a relatively low elastic modulus, superelastic-like behavior and high strength, was subjected to cyclic tensile loadings. The characteristics of macroscopic scale energy storage and dissipation in the consecutive loading–unloading cycles were studied. Various kinds of energy components related to the alloy deformation process were determined experimentally and analyzed using thermodynamic relations. The values of the entire work needed to deform the alloy Wext, the work used for recoverable deformation Wrec consisting of the elastic deformation energy Wel , the superelastic-like energy Wpt , and the energy of thermoelastic effect Eth , were derived from the Gum Metal stress and temperature vs. strain curves. The irrecoverable mechanical energy Wir expended on plastic deformation, the dissipation energy Q, and finally the stored energy Es were estimated. The stored energy represents a change in the internal energy of the deformed material and is an essential measure of cold-worked state. The Es value turned out to be not large for the Gum Metal, which confirms the alloy low hardening property. The energy components determined for each of the 24 loading cycles enabled us to analyze various stages of the Gum Metal deformation process, including necking and damage.

Keywords:
gum metal, β-Ti alloy, cyclic tension, superelasticity, energy balance, dissipation, stored energy, infrared thermography

Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R., Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Influence of Calcination Temperature and Amount of Low-Grade Clay Replacement on Mitigation of the Alkali–Silica Reaction, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16083210, Vol.16, No.8, pp.3210-1-3210-13, 2023

Abstract:
Results of experimental investigation on the mitigation of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) by low-grade calcined clay are presented. Domestic clay with an Al2O3 content equal to 26% and SiO2—58% was used. The calcination temperatures were as follows: 650 °C, 750 °C, 850 °C and 950 °C, which were chosen much more widely than presented in previous studies. Pozzolanity of the raw and calcined clay was determined with the Fratini test. The performance of calcined clay to mitigate ASR was evaluated according to ASTM C1567 using reactive aggregates. A control mortar mixture was prepared with 100% Portland cement (Na2Oeq = 1.12%) as a binder with reactive aggregate, and test mixtures were made with 10% and 20% of calcined clay as a cement replacement. The microstructure of the specimens was observed on the polished sections using scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in backscattered mode (BSE). The results of expansion of mortar bars with reactive aggregate showed that replacing cement with calcined clay reduced the expansion of the mortar bars. The greater the cement replacement, the better results in terms of ASR mitigation. However, the influence of the calcination temperature was not as clear. The opposite trend was found with the use of 10% or 20% calcined clay.

Keywords:
alkali–silica reaction (ASR), expansion, low grade calcined clay, mitigation, Fratini test, microscopic analysis

Pokorska I., Poński M., Kubissa W., Libura T., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Computational Fracture Evolution Analysis of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Concrete Continuous Damage and Fiber Progressive Models, Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16165635, Vol.16, No.5635, pp.1-20, 2023

Abstract:
The process of concrete cracking is a common problem because the first micro-cracks due to the loss of moisture may appear even before the concrete is loaded. The application of fracture mechanics allows for a better understanding of this problem. Steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) samples with a notch were subjected to a three-point bending test, and the results for crack energy were used to analyze the concrete’s material properties. In this paper, an experimental and numerical analysis of SFRC with rapid changes in the force (F) crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curve (F-CMOD) is presented. In order to obtain the relevant F-CMOD diagrams, three-point bending tests were carried out with non-standard samples with a thickness equal to one-third of the width of standard samples. For analysis purposes, crimped steel fibers were adopted. A probabilistic analysis of the most important parameters describing the material in question, such as peak strength, post-cracking strength, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), fracture energy, and the post-cracking deformation modulus, was conducted. The tests and the analysis of their results show that the quasi-static numerical method can be applied to obtain suitable results. However, significant dynamic effects during experiments that influence the F-CMOD curves are hard to reflect well in numerical calculations.

Keywords:
concrete, finite element method (FEM) simulations, steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), steel fibers

Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., ASR induced by chloride- and formate-based deicers in concrete with non-reactive aggregates, CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132811, Vol.400, No.132811, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
Despite ongoing efforts to prevent the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures, this phenomenon still exists and causes significant degradation. This study aims to investigate the role of various deicing agents in provoking ASR by examining volume expansion, cracks, and microstructure of mortar and concrete containing aggregates identified as non-reactive by standard ASR test methods. To achieve this, the concrete specimens undergo simulated operating conditions testing to induce ASR expansion, with an external supply of alkali from chloride- and formate-based deicers. The findings suggest that the configuration and concentration of the deicing agent used, as well as the mineral composition of the aggregate that was previously identified as non-reactive, can significantly impact the expansion and damage caused by ASR. The results indicate that existing methods for testing aggregates for ASR may have limitations when formate-based agents are used.

Keywords:
Alkali-silica reaction, Concrete, Aggregate, Expansion, Deicing agents, Microscopy

Dziedzic K., Glinicki M.A., Risk assessment of reactive local sand use in aggregate mixtures for structural concrete, CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133826, Vol.408, No.133826, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
Potential use of marginal fine aggregate in concrete is hindered by prescriptive quality requirements for concrete constituents. Experimental tests were performed on eleven mixtures of coarse and fine aggregates of variable susceptibility to alkali silica reaction (ASR). The miniature concrete prism test was applied for evaluation of ASR-induced expansion and associated changes of elastic properties were evaluated using the resonance modulus testing. Substitution of nonreactive sand with sands of moderate reactivity resulted in a relative increase in concrete expansion by 19–112% and substantial reduction of its elastic properties during the exposure to accelerated ASR environment. The Kolmogorov-Avrami-Mehl-Johnson model, modified to incorporate separately the effects of moderate reactivity of coarse and fine aggregate fractions, successfully described the kinetics of ASR-induced expansion. Beneficial effects of blastfurnace slag used for partial replacement of Portland clinker in blended cements were captured for aggregate combinations.

Keywords:
Aggregate mixture reactivity, Alkali-silica reaction, Fine aggregate, Kinetic model, Miniature concrete prism test, Slag-blended cement

Golasiński K., Maj M., Urbański L., Staszczak M., Gradys A.D., Pieczyska E.A., Experimental study of thermomechanical behaviour of Gum Metal during cyclic tensile loadings: the quantitative contribution of IRT and DIC, Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, ISSN: 1768-6733, DOI: 10.1080/17686733.2023.2205762, pp.1-18, 2023

Abstract:
Thermomechanical behaviour of Gum Metal (Ti–23Nb–0.7Ta–2.0Zr–1.2O, at.%) under cyclic tension was experimentally investigated using infrared thermography and digital image correlation. The thermomechanical characteristics of particular stages of the subsequent loading-unloading cycles of Gum Metal were identified, i.e. (I) the linear, elastic loading accompanied by the temperature drop, (II) the nonlinear super-elastic loading related to the temperature growth, (III) the transient stage (at which both the superelastic-like behaviour and the plastic one are present simultaneously) and the temperature starts growing fast, (IV) the plastic deformation with a significant growth of temperature, (V) the superelastic-like unloading accompanied by a fast drop in temperature, (VI) the transient unloading with a slower decrease in temperature and (VII) the elastic unloading, with a slight increase in temperature. Thermoelastic effect in Gum Metal during both loading and unloading was analysed in each tensile cycle. Finally, the evolution of strain and temperature fields just before unloading in each cycle was discussed and a comparison of the fields at selected stages of cycles 12 and 24 was presented. The results of this work enabled us to identify the non-dissipative processes of elastic and superelastic-like deformations as well as the dissipative process of plastic deformation.

Keywords:
Gum Metal,β-Ti alloy,cyclic tension,superelasticity,thermoelastic effect,infrared thermography,digital image correlation

Nabavian Kalat M., Staszczak M., Urbański L., Fernandez C., Vega C., Cristea M., Ionita D., Lantada A., Pieczyska E.A., Investigating a shape memory epoxy resin and its application to engineering shape-morphing devices empowered through kinematic chains and compliant joints, MATERIALS AND DESIGN, ISSN: 0264-1275, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112263, Vol.233, No.112263, pp.1-15, 2023

Abstract:
4D printing is the additive manufacturing (3D printing) of objects that can transform their shape in a controlled and predictable way when subjected to external stimuli. A thermo-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) is a highly suitable material to 4D print smart devices, due to its actuation function and the capability of recovering its original shape from the deformed one upon heating. This study presents the results of employing an epoxy resin in the additive manufacturing of complex-shaped smart devices with shape-morphing properties using laser stereolithography (SLA). To quantify the shape memory behaviour of the shape memory epoxy (SMEp), we first investigate the thermomechanical properties of the 3D-printed specimens in a tensile testing machine coupled with an environmental thermal chamber. This approach allows us to determine the shape fixity and recovery of SMEp. Next, we propose effective designs of complex-shaped devices, with the aim of promoting shape morphing through micro-actuators and compliant joints acting as active regions in combination with multiplying mechanisms or kinematic chains in each of the devices. We manufacture the complex-shaped prototypes by using SLA directly from the computer-aided designs. The shape memory trials of the 3D-printed prototypes reveal quite precise shape recovery of the devices, illustrating their shape-memory. In fact, the inclusion of micro-actuators and compliant joints within the complex-geometry devices allows for local triggering, deformation and recovery, resulting in a prompt response of the devices to heat. Therefore, innovative designs, along with the suitable smart material and high-quality manufacturing process, lead to 4D printed devices with fast actuation and shape-morphing properties. Overall, this research may contribute to the development of smart materials and 4D printing technology for applications in fields such as biomedical engineering, robotics, transport and aerospace engineering

Keywords:
Shape memory polymers,Shape memory epoxy,Shape morphing structures,Laser stereolithography,3D and 4D printing

Chang S., Wang K., Wang B., Kopeć M., Li Z., Wang L., Liu G., Effects of rapid heating on non-equilibrium microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanisms of titanium alloy, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, ISSN: 0921-5093, DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145337, No.145337, pp.1-33, 2023

Abstract:
In this paper, the effects of heating parameters, including temperature ranging from 900 ℃ to 1000 ℃, heating rates ranging from 2 ℃∙s-1 to 100 ℃∙s-1, and 120 s soaking on the non-equilibrium microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied. Microstructures after heating were characterized to reveal the mechanism of non-equilibrium phase transformation. Uniaxial tensile tests at room temperature were carried out to evaluate the effects of non-equilibrium microstructure on the mechanical properties. Results show that higher heating rate and lower temperature lead to lower β phase volume fraction and finer β grains. A transition region with element gradient forms in the αp grain near the αp/β phase boundary and transfers into β phase gradually during the heating. Rapid heating could confine the movement of the transition region, and therefore reduce the α→β transition and growth of the β phase. When the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was heated to 1000 ℃ at a rate of 50 ℃/s and then quenched immediately, the tensile strength was improved by 19.5% and reached up to 1263.0 MPa with the elongation only decreasing from 13.6% to 9.6% compared with the initial material. The main strengthening mechanism is that the rapid heating in the single-phase region avoids the rapid growth of the β phase, which leads to fully fine martensite formation after water quenching.

Keywords:
Rapid heating,Non-equilibrium microstructure,Mechanical properties,Strengthening mechanisms

Brodecki A., Kopeć M., Kowalewski Z., Monitoring of fatigue damage development in as-received and exploited 10CrMo9-10 power engineering steel supported by Digital Image Correlation, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, ISSN: 0308-0161, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104889, Vol.202, No.104889, pp.1-9, 2023

Abstract:
This research aimed to compare the effect of long-time degradation of two different states of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel by using different experimental and analytical approaches. The specimens machined from the as-received steel and the same material after exploitation for 280 000 h at the temperature of 540 ◦C and the internal pressure of 2.9 MPa were subjected to fatigue loading that was simultaneously monitored by using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The effect of long-time degradation on the mechanical response of 10H2M steel was studied through fractographic observations and was finally described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D.

Keywords:
Fatigue development, Damage, 10H2M steel, Digital image correlation (DIC)

Kopeć M., Liu X., Gorniewicz D., Modrzejewski P., Zasada D., Jóźwiak S., Janiszewski J., Kowalewski Zbigniew L.^♦, Mechanical response of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy subjected to dynamic testing at low temperature: Experiment and modelling, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0734-743X, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2023.104843, pp.1-10, 2023

Abstract:
The aim of this research was to investigate an effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and mi-crostructure of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) subjected to dynamic loading. The specimens were subjected to dynamic compression at a low temperature of −80°C in a range of strain rates from 1.25 × 10 3 1/s to 3.4 × 10 3 1/s to compare their mechanical responses. The deformation mechanisms were analysed through EBSD observations during which dynamic recovery, was found as the dominant one. Furthermore, microstruc-tural analysis indicated that deformation under high strain rate conditions and temperature of-80°C enables to keep the constant initial grain size of the material after the loading applied. The material behaviour was modelled using mechanism-based viscoplastic constitutive equations. Furthermore, an accuracy of the developed model was validated by comparing it to experimental data. The set of constitutive equations proposed has been successful in modelling the stress-strain behaviour of the material for the range of strain rates and temperatures encountered in aluminium-forming processes under low-temperature conditions.

Keywords:
Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), Low temperature, AA6061-T6, Microstructure

Kopeć M., Brodecki A., Kowalewski Z.L., Fatigue damage development in 10CrMo9-10 steel for power plant pipes in as-received state and after 280,000 h of exploitation, ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-023-00637-3, Vol.23, No.98, pp.1-10, 2023

Abstract:
This paper discusses an effect of 280,000 h of exploitation under internal pressure of 2.9 MPa and high temperature of 540 °C on the mechanical properties of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel. The mechanical response of the specimens obtained from two pipes: a new in the as-received state and exploited for a long period was assessed through the uniaxial tensile tests and subsequent fatigue tests. The long-term, high-temperature exposure of 10H2M steel resulted in the deterioration of its mechanical properties and was quantitatively described as a function of the fatigue damage measure, φ, and the fatigue damage parameter D. Finally, the proposed methodology of power exponent approximation with both damage sensitive parameters (φ, D) enabled for successful determination of the 10H2M steel fatigue life.

Keywords:
Fatigue,Damage development,10H2M steel,High-temperature aging

Harsányi I., Horváth A., Kis Z., Gméling K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Szentmiklósi L., Assessment of neutron-induced activation of irradiated samples in a research reactor, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 1738-5733, DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.11.004, Vol.55, pp.1036-1044, 2023

Abstract:
The combination of MCNP6 and the FISPACT codes was used to predict inventories of radioisotopes produced by neutron exposure of a sample in a research reactor. The detailed MCNP6 model of the Budapest Research Reactor and the specific irradiation geometry of the NAA channel was established, while realistic material cards were specified based on concentrations measured by PGAA and NAA, considering the precursor elements of all significant radioisotopes. The energy- and spatial distributions of the neutron field calculated by MCNP6 were transferred to FISPACT, and the resulting activities were validated against those measured using neutron-irradiated small and bulky targets. This approach is general enough to handle different target materials, shapes, and irradiation conditions. A general agreement within 10% has been achieved. Moreover, the method can also be made applicable to predict the activation properties of the near-vessel concrete of existing nuclear installations or assist in the optimal construction of new nuclear power plant units.

Keywords:
MCNP6,Monte Carlo simulations,FISPACT,Isotope inventory,Radioisotope production,Neutron activation analysis,Mineral aggregate,Radiation shielding concrete

Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Kukla D., Łazińska M., Sitek R., Kowalewski Z., Effect of Aluminizing on the Fatigue and High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Inconel 740 Nickel Alloy, The Journal of The Minerals, ISSN: 1047-4838, DOI: 10.1007/s11837-022-05662-w, Vol.75, No.2, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
The fatigue response and high-temperature corrosion resistance of Inconel 740 nickel alloy in its as-received state, and the same material with aluminized surface layer, were investigated. The aluminized layer was applied by using the chemical vapor deposition process with the participation of AlCl3 vapors under a hydrogen protective atmosphere at a temperature of 1040°C for 8 h and internal pressure of 150 hPa. The microstructure of the aluminized layer was characterized through scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. It was found that Inconel 740 with an aluminized surface exhibited an improved hardness and fatigue response of 100 MPa in the whole range of stress amplitudes from 350 MPa to 650 MPa. Additionally, the application of the aluminization process enhanced service life as well as the corrosion resistance of the alloy in question and effectively protected it against high-temperature corrosion.

Haponova O., Tarelnyk V., Tarelnyk N., Myslyvchenko M., Nanostructuring of Metallic Surfaces by Electrospark Alloying Method, The Journal of The Minerals, ISSN: 1047-4838, DOI: 10.1007/s11837-023-05940-1, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
A new method of nanostructuring of the surface by electrospark alloying method (ESA) using special processing media (SPM) with carbon nanotubes is proposed. The influence on the ESA regimes and the composition of the SPM on the microstructure and hardness of the coatings has been considered. While processing the Armco iron, with an increase in the discharge energy, the thickness and continuity of the coating increase. In the microstructures, the nanoscale phases of 40 nm to 1300 nm are detected, and they are evenly distributed in the coatings. Adding nanotubes helps to increase the continuity, thickness and hardness. Because of the ESA process, coatings with a uniform distribution of molybdenum are formed. Carbon, apparently in the form of the carbon nanotubes, is concentrated on the surfaces of the samples being processed, regardless of the discharge energy during the ESA process. The use of the proposed ESA method has a positive effect on the quality parameters of the coating.

Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Petrographic Evaluation of Aggregate from Igneous Rocks: Alkali–Silica Reaction Potential, Minerals, ISSN: 2075-163X, DOI: 10.3390/min13081004, Vol.13, No.8, pp.1-14, 2023

Abstract:
A thorough petrographic evaluation of aggregates from igneous rocks in terms of their alkali–silica reaction (ASR) potential is crucial in ensuring the durability and long-term performance of concrete structures, especially those where access to additional alkalis is possible, such as from de-icing agents. The aim of the research was to assess the potential reactivity of aggregates from igneous rocks, as only such aggregates are used for concrete airport pavements in Poland. Petrographic analysis was conducted to identify the reactive minerals in the aggregate, and it was extended by quantitative image analysis. The strained, microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz were found to be reactive components but significantly differed in content. It was found that aggregates from igneous rocks were characterized by different susceptibility to ASR and that methods to mitigate the occurrence of ASR should be considered to be used in airfield concrete. A relationship between the content of analyzed reactive minerals and the expansion of mortar bars in AMBT, as well as of the concrete prism in the CPT method, was revealed.

Keywords:
igneous rocks, granite aggregate, mineral composition, thin sections, digital image analysis, petrographic analysis, alkali–silica reaction, concrete durability

Macek W., Branco R., Podulka P., Kopeć M., Zhu S., Costa J., A brief note on entire fracture surface topography parameters for 18Ni300 maraging steel produced by LB-PBF after LCF, Engineering Failure Analysis, ISSN: 1350-6307, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107541, No.107541, pp.1-27, 2023

Abstract:
The concept of entire fracture surface investigation is helpful in explaining fatigue phenomena. In this paper, this method has been applied for 18Ni300 maraging steel using a 3D measurement system. Before post-mortem analysis, the specimens produced by laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) were tested under low-cycle fatigue (LCF) for eight strain amplitudes in the interval 0.3% to 1.0%. The attention was placed on the relationship between the fatigue features, represented by the strain level and the fatigue life as well as the fracture surface topography evaluated in the form of areal, volume and fractal dimension parameters. It was found that fatigue life predictions calculated using the core material volume Vmc, obtained with the entire fracture surface method were within a scatter band with factors of ±1.5. The present results can be useful for the analysis of damaged structural elements exposed to LCF, especially for materials produced by additive manufacturing (AM). The outcomes of this brief note are important for the development of other fractographic methods and validation of fatigue life evaluation procedures.

Keywords:
18Ni300 steel,laser beam powder bed fusion,low-cycle fatigue,surface metrology,entire fracture surface method,fractography,fractal dimension

Kopeć M., Gorniewicz D., Jóźwiak S., Janiszewski J., Kowalewski Z.L., Microstructural evolution of 6061 aluminium alloy subjected to static and dynamic compression at low temperature, MRS Communications, ISSN: 2159-6867, DOI: 10.1557/s43579-023-00439-x, pp.1-8, 2023

Abstract:
In this research, an effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) subjected to static and dynamic loading was investigated systematically. The specimens were subjected to compression at the temperature of − 80°C in a range of strain rates from 0.001 to 0.1 1/s under static conditions, and from 1250 to 3400 1/s under dynamic conditions to compare their mechanical responses. The deformation mechanisms were discussed based on EBSD analysis. It was found, that under both testing conditions, dynamic recovery was the dominant mechanism responsible for material deformation.

Glinicki M.A., Bogusz K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., ASR performance of concrete at external alkali supply – effects of aggregate mixtures and blended cement, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, ISSN: 1029-8436, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2023.2171038, Vol.24, No.1, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
The long term durability of concrete pavements in wet-freeze climate is influenced by deicing salts used for winter maintenance of roads. Alkaline deicers could also be an external source of alkalis therefore their role in respect to development of deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) should be considered. The performance of mineral aggregate mixtures in concrete was studied using RILEM test procedure ‘60°C concrete test with external alkali supply’. Air entrained concrete specimens were exposed to cyclic temperature changes, wetting-drying and NaCl solution immersion. Tests revealed the development of concrete expansion in time and associated changes of its elastic modulus for 31 mixtures of fine and coarse aggregate and Portland and fly ash or slag blended cements. The expansive behavior of air entrained concrete was strongly influenced by the presence of micro- and cryptocrystalline silica in aggregates. A replacement of nonreactive limestone sand by moderately reactive quartz sand resulted in a substantial enhancement of concrete expansion by a factor of three. Observed reduction of elastic modulus was correlated with more abundant presence of alkali-silica reaction products in concrete. Effects of cement type (CEM I, CEM II/A-V and CEM II/B-S) on the ASR performance of concrete with crushed coarse aggregate and quartz sand are discussed.

Keywords:
Air entrained concrete,alkali-silica reaction,external alkalis,NaCl solution,performance test

Kopeć M., Compression and Fatigue Testing of High‑Strength Thin Metal Sheets by Using an Anti‑Buckling Device, EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS, ISSN: 0014-4851, DOI: 10.1007/s11340-023-00969-4, pp.1-11, 2023

Abstract:
Background: The modelling of the sheet metal forming operations requires accurate and precise data of the material plastic be-haviour along non-proportional strain paths. However, the buckling phenomenon severely limits the compressive strain range that could be used to deform thin metal sheets. Objective: The main aim of this paper was to propose an effective device, that ena-bles to determine of accurate stress-strain characteristics of thin metal sheet specimens subjected to axial deformation without buckling and with a special emphasis on friction correction. Methods: In this paper, an anti-buckling fixture was proposed to as-sess the deformation characteristics of X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) power engineering steel, and DP500 and DP980 dual-phase steels, under compression loading. The fixture enables monitoring of the friction between the specimen and supporting blocks during the test, and thus the precise stress response of the material could be determined. Results: The effectiveness of the fixture was evalu-ated under tension-compression cyclic loading and during the compression tests in which high-strength thin metal sheets were successfully deformed up to 10% without specimen buckling. Furthermore, the successful determination of a friction force varia-tion between supporting blocks and the specimen during tests enabled to determine an actual force acting on the specimen. Con-clusions: The proposed testing fixture was successfully assessed during the compression and cyclic tension-compression of high-strength thin metal sheets as no buckling was observed. Its advantage lies in adapting to change its length with specimen elongation or shrinkage during a test. The friction force generated from a movement of both parts of the device could be effec-tively monitored by the special strain gauge system during testing and thus its impact on the stress-strain characteristics could be successfully eliminated.

Keywords:
buckling, fatigue, compression, mechanical testing, thin sheets

Chrzanowska-Giżyńska J., Ślęzak O., Nyga P., Wankiewicz M., Fabrication of infrared detector with monolithic microlens produced in thermal reflow process, INFRARED PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 1350-4495, DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2023.104801, Vol.133, pp.104801-1-104801-8, 2023

Abstract:
We report fabrication of monolithic GaAs immersion lens with a sub-milimeter diameter for InAsSb infrared detectors. The microlenses were produced by thermal reflow process of cylindrical photoresist structures, followed by dry etching. The implementation of microlens leads to an increase in the optical area of the photodetector, while maintaining the electrical area dimensions. Detectors with microlenses exhibit three times higher normalized detectivity D* than flat detectors, while conserving a similar level of resistance and current sensitivity. This result proves that the processes related to lens formation do not result in degradation of the photosensitive structure.

Keywords:
Microlens, Thermal reflow, InAsSb, MBE, Infrared detector, Detectivity, III-V detector

Kopeć M., Liu X., Kukla D., Sitek R., Kowalewski Z.L., Effect of printing direction on fatigue response and damage development in additive manufactured Haynes 282 nickel superalloy, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS, ISSN: 1056-7895, DOI: 10.1177/10567895231204951, pp.1-15, 2023

Abstract:
In this paper, three different directions of 0°, 45° and 90° were used to manufacture the Haynes 282 alloy bars by using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) method. The additively manufactured specimens as well as these of the wrought Haynes 282 were subsequently subjected to comparative fatigue tests in the range of stress amplitude from ±400 MPa to ±800 MPa. The AM process enhanced the fatigue response of the nickel-based alloy in question by 200 MPa. Furthermore, it was found, that the printing direction does not affect the fatigue response of additively manufactured specimens significantly as minor differences in service life were observed for the entire stress amplitude range adopted. Finally, fatigue damage measure φ and fatigue damage parameter D approaches were used to reveal the dynamics of damage development and to monitor damage development due to fatigue.

Keywords:
Haynes 282, nickel alloys, fatigue, additive manufacturing, Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Łukaszewicz A., Kopeć M., Szczęsny G., Kowalewski Zbigniew L.L., Characteristics of orthopaedic implants damage and mechanisms of its initiation, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS, ISSN: 1056-7895, DOI: 10.1177/10567895231212329, pp.1-19, 2023

Abstract:
Implant fractures complicate orthopaedic procedures requiring secondary surgeries. However, it is not
exactly known when the damage initiation starts and which factors predispose them to the highest
degree. Thus, the aim of the study was to characterize changes observed in orthopaedic implants
after their removal from the bone. Particular efforts were made to determine, which of them occur
during the process of its production, installation, usage and removal. Such identification enabled to specify
the role of lesions emerging during each period and their role in the implant’s deformation or fracture.
The paper was focused on implants dedicated to the stabilization of the femur fractures since the bone
transfers the highest loads. External surface and geometric features of eight representative implants were
observed under standard and stereoscopic cameras, as well as under light and scanning electron microscopes. Macroscopic analysis of the investigated implants exhibited a number of defects in the form of
scratches, abrasions, deformations and chipping. The wear degree of each implant was different and
strictly depended on how it was implanted in the patient’s body, as well as on how the patient exploited
it through his mobility. Four different sources of implant integrity changes were identified: manufacturingrelated changes, implant application-related changes, daily life-related changes and implant removalrelated changes.

Keywords:
Orthopaedic implants, implant’s destruction, intramedullary nail, bone plate, surface analysis, wear

Barwińska I., Kopeć M., Kukla D., Senderowski C., Kowalewski Z.L., Thermal Barrier Coatings for High-Temperature Performance of Nickel-Based Superalloys: A Synthetic Review, Coatings, ISSN: 2079-6412, DOI: 10.3390/coatings13040769, Vol.13, No.4, pp.1-21, 2023

Abstract:
With the rising demands of industry to increase the working temperature of gas turbine blades and internal combustion engines, thermal barrier coatings (TBC) were found to be an effective way to further enhance the lifetime of aero components through the improvement of mechanical properties and oxidation-resistance. Thus, this paper aims to review coating technologies with special emphasis on plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (PS), and those produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. Each technology was assessed in terms of its effectiveness to enhance the mechanical response and oxidation resistance of nickel-based parts working at high temperature. The effect of coating technology on mechanical strength, hardness, fatigue and creep of nickel alloys was discussed to reveal the potential candidates for future applications in aggressive environments

Keywords:
high temperature corrosion, fatigue, creep, aggressive environment, turbine blade

Suchocki C., Finite element implementation of a certain class of elasto-viscoplastic constitutive models, ACTA MECHANICA, ISSN: 0001-5970, DOI: 10.1007/s00707-023-03613-3, pp.1-25, 2023

Abstract:
In this paper a selected type of elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations is considered. The viscoplastic model which was proposed by Marquis is generalized by allowing multiple terms describing the isotropic and the kinematic hardening. Furthermore, the presented model formulation enables one to use an arbitrary equivalent plastic strain function to describe the isotropic hardening behavior. What is more, the backstress evolution equation which was proposed by Marquis was modified so that any equivalent plastic strain function can be used in the recovery term now. The general form of the generalized constitutive model obtained this way was subsequently implemented into the finite element method (FEM). For that purpose, the radial-return mapping algorithm was utilized. The consistent tangent operator was derived for the considered class of models and is presented in the paper. A developed user material subroutine (UMAT) which allows one to use the viscoplastic models under consideration in the FEM program CalculiX is attached in the appendix section. A number of numerical simulations were conducted in order to verify the performance of the developed UMAT code.

Śmietanka H., Wieczorek K., Ranachowski P., Ranachowski Z., Brodecki A., Procesy degradacji w elementach tekstolitowych ograniczników przepięć, PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN: 0033-2097, DOI: 10.15199/48.2022.10.48, Vol.98, No.10, pp.216-220, 2023

Abstract:
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań próbek tekstolitowych elementów osłonowo-centrujących z eksploatowanych ograniczników przepięć SN. Prądy wyładowcze (zwarciowe) o zróżnicowanym natężeniu i czasie trwania spowodowały w tworzywie elementów efekty degradacji o różnym stopniu zaawansowania, które badano z wykorzystaniem metod mikroskopowych i mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej EDS. Udokumentowano zmiany w składzie elementarnym (zawartości pierwiastków) warstwy wierzchniej tworzyw tekstolitowych - w miarę postępu efektów degradacji. Wykazano, że tworzywa te posiadają niewystarczającą odporność na skutki awaryjnej pracy ogranicznika przy jego zawilgoceniu, które jest konsekwencją rozszczelnienia osłony.

Keywords:
ogranicznik przepięć, tekstolit szklany TSE, prąd wyładowczy (zwarciowy), metoda EDS

Krajewski M., Kaczmarek A., Tokarczyk M., Lewińska S., Włoczewski M., Bochenek K., Jarząbek D., Mościcki T., Hoffman J., Ślawska-Waniewska A., Laser-Assisted Growth of Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Films on Silicon Substrate in Open Air, physica status solidi (a), ISSN: 1862-6319, DOI: 10.1002/pssa.202200786, No.2200786, pp.1-5, 2023

Abstract:
This work presents a growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticle films on silicon substrate. The iron oxide is deposited applying a pulsed laser deposition technique. The process is performed in open air in the absence and presence of external magnetic field. In fact, the morphologies of the obtained Fe3O4–Si samples are similar. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles are spherical with average diameters of 30 nm and are densely agglomerated on the Si substrate. The Fe3O4–Si material prepared in the absence of magnetic field has revealed more intense signals during X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements. The magnetic investigations indicate that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are significantly coupled with the Si substrate and do not exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. Moreover, the Verwey transition is 98 K for both investigated Fe3O4–Si samples.

Keywords:
Fe3O4 nanoparticles,magnetic materials,pulsed laser deposition

Kopeć M., Fatigue Damage Development in 14MoV6-3 Steel for Power Plant Pipes Monitored by Digital Image Correlation, Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, ISSN: 0894-9166, DOI: 10.1007/s10338-023-00387-y, pp.1-13, 2023

Abstract:
In this paper, fatigue damage development of 14MoV6-3 (13HMF) power engineering steel was studied through different experimental and analytical approaches. The specimens machined from the as-received pipe were subjected to fatigue loading and simultaneously monitored using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The damage development was analysed through microstructural observations of fracture surfaces and further described as a function of the fatigue damage parameter D and the fatigue damage measure φ. The combination of such parameters’ evolution with the number of cycles to failure and the DIC technique enables a determination of separate stages of damage development. It was found that dynamics of damage could be effectively exposed within the first 100 cycles.

Keywords:
Fatigue development, Damage, 13HMF steel, Digital image correlation (DIC)

Ranachowski P., Szymankiewicz K., Ranachowski Z., Kudela J., Material Aspects of Historic Fine Ceramics, ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146193, Vol.68, No.4, pp.1283-1290, 2023

Abstract:
Material Aspects of Historic Fine Ceramics The paper outlines the material and technological aspects of fine (whiteware) ceramics. Particular attention has been paid to the professional nomenclature of fine aluminosilicate ceramics as used in the past and today. Attention was drawn to this mostly overlooked and poorly studied problem. The reason for the durability problems of some semi-vitreous porcelain and faience materials has been explained. The microstructures of porcelain materials – historic as well as contemporary – have been presented in comparative terms, including the technical material, with a distinction and analysis of the basic phases that build up the shard. Generally similar parameters of microstructure and phase composition were found for all tested materials.

Keywords:
historic faience, semi-vitreous porcelain, historic porcelain, microscopic analysis, microstructure of ceramic shard

Szymczak T., Kowalewski Z.L., Brodecki A., Makowska K., Badania zmęczeniowe materiałów i elementów konstrukcyjnych jako ciągle aktualne wyzwanie współczesnego inżyniera, Przegląd Techniczny, ISSN: 0137-8783, Vol.7, pp.26-32, 2023

Abstract:
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty programów badawczych dotyczących zmęczenia materiałów i elementów konstrukcyjnych. Zaprezentowano projekty najczęściej stosowanych próbek. Omówiono szczegóły techniczne prowadzenia badań gotowych wyrobów (z przeznaczeniem dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego). Podkreślono także postęp w badaniach zmęczeniowych, dzięki wprowadzeniu nowoczesnych technik optycznych. Ponieważ równie istotnym elementem badań zmęczeniowych jest ocena zmian strukturalnych na poziomie mikro, tego typu testy omówiono na przykładzie analizy strukturalnej prób przeprowadzonych dla złączy spawanych ze stali wysokowytrzymałej S700MC, zaczepów kulowych oraz śrub wytrzymałościowych.

Keywords:
zmęczenie materiałów, techniki optyczne, próby wytrzymałościowe, fraktografia

Kukla D., Kopeć M., Gradzik A., Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method, Open Engineering , ISSN: 2391-5439, DOI: 10.1515/eng-2022-0382, Vol.12, pp.1-5, 2022

Abstract:
This work presents an attempt to identify local
changes in materials caused by local grinding burnings
by using the eddy current (EC) method. The locally heattreated AISI 9310 steel specimen was prepared by using a
laser surfacing process to imitate three different grinding burns. These burn marks were characterized in terms of changes in microstructure and hardness on the surface and cross-section of the specimen. On such a basis, the depth of the heat-affected zone caused by the grinding tool was examined. Subsequently, the specimen was subjected to the EC measurements for the quantitative description of the signal from each of the defects by using a commercial NORTEC 600D flaw detector working in specimen Q5 scanning mode and with a pencil probe. The changes in the amplitude and the phase angle of the signal from three defects indicate the possibility to identify burns along with their quantitative description and subsequent estimation of their depth. The differences in the phase angle value, related to the local changes in the stress state, serve as an effective indicator of the specimen overheating degree in the area of the EC induction

Keywords:
eddy current,non-destructive testing,hardness,heat-treatment