Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki

Streszczenie:

Within the framework of the EuroFusion WPMAG project, an automatic laser-welding line was constructed to produce a 1 km long, empty stainless steel jacket demonstrator for the React & Wind (RW) conductor for EU-DEMO. Four 500 m long C-profiles made of 316 L austenitic stainless steel were fabricated from ∼8 m long sections using the manual TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding method. A series of experimental investigations was carried out on the welded samples, including ferrite content measurements, microhardness tests, residual stress measurements, and shape deviation assessments. The results revealed that part of the austenitic structure transformed into ferromagnetic phase—ferrite—around the heat affected zone (HAZ), with up to 7% ferrite observed in the laser welds and up to 10% in the TIG welds. Due to the relative magnetic permeability of ferrite (μᵣ > 1), electromagnetic (EM) forces will be present in that region of the jacket during magnet operation.
The microhardness measurements revealed an increased hardness in the welded region—up to 40.6%—due to material hardening and the presence of harder ferrite in the microstructure. Residual stresses were measured using the hole-drilling technique for both TIG and laser welds, revealing mostly compressive stresses in the TIG welds and tensile stresses in the laser welds. Considerable compressive stresses were introduced into the TIG welds during grinding. To assess the equivalent residual stress, a method of approximating the lower bound of the von Mises residual stress was proposed, revealing increasing values with the depth up to 1 mm, exceeding the initial yield stress at depths greater than 0.5 mm and reaching up to 425 MPa.
The shape deviations around the TIG weld reached 0.41 mm, with deformations toward the centre of the wide side of the jacket, resulting in a concave shape. Such deviations are considerable and could impact subsequent assembly steps of the superconducting Cable-In-Conduit Conductor (CICC).
This study presents a procedure for evaluating weld quality in conductor jackets, focusing on residual stresses, phase transformations, and welding-induced property changes.

Słowa kluczowe:

Welded jacket, Residual stresses, RW conductor, EU-DEMO

Afiliacje autorów:

Streszczenie:

Pure titanium is gaining increasing interest due to its potential use in dental and orthopedic applications. Due to its relatively weak mechanical parameters, a limited number of components manufactured from pure titanium are available on the market. In order to improve the mechanical parameters of pure titanium, manufacturers use alloys containing cytotoxic vanadium and aluminum. This paper presents unique explosive hardening technology that can be used to strengthen pure titanium parameters. The analysis confirms that explosive induced α-ω martensitic transformation and crystallographic anisotropy occurred due to the explosive pressure. The mechanical properties related to residual stresses are very nonuniform. The corrosion properties of the explosive hardened pure titanium test do not change significantly compared to nonhardened titanium. The biocompatibility of all the analyzed samples was confirmed in several tests. The morphology of bone cells does not depend on the titanium surface phase composition and crystallographic orientation.

Słowa kluczowe:

explosive hardening, pure titanium, bioimplants, titanium alloys

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