Institute of Fundamental Technological Research

Spatially-resolved modeling of deformation twinning and its interaction with plastic slip is achieved by coupling the phase- field method and crystal plasticity theory. The intricate constitutive relations arising from this coupling render the resulting computational model prone to inefficiencies and lack of robustness. Accordingly, together with the inherent limitations of the phase-field method, these factors may impede the broad applicability of the model. In this paper, our recent phase-field model of coupled twinning and crystal plasticity is the subject of study. We delve into the incremental formulation and computational treatment of the model and run a thorough investigation into its computational performance. We focus specifically on evaluating the efficiency of the finite-element discretization employing various element types, and we examine the impact of mesh density. Since the micromorphic regularization is an important part of the finite-element implementation, the effect of the micromorphic regularization parameter is also studied.

Deformation twinning, Microstructure, Phase-field method, Crystal plasticity, Finite element method

A finite-strain phase-field model of coupled deformation twinning and crystal plasticity is developed in the paper. Twinning is treated as a displacive transformation characterized by a volume-preserving stretch rather than a simple shear, the latter considered in the conventional approach. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent in the sharp-interface description, but not in the diffuse-interface description. In the proposed stretch-based kinematics, each pair of conjugate twinning systems is represented by a single twin deformation variant, and thus a single order parameter suffices to consistently describe the two conjugate twinning systems, thereby treating them equally. The model is formulated in the framework of incremental energy minimization, which, upon time discretization, leads to a quasi-optimization problem due to the specific form of the incremental potential within the diffuse interfaces. To facilitate finite-element implementation, a micromorphic formulation of the model is employed. As an application, tensile twinning in HCP magnesium alloys is examined, and a set of comprehensive 2D plane-strain problems is studied to illustrate the features of the proposed approach.

deformation twinning, microstructure, phase-field method, crystal plasticity, magnesium alloy

The Mori–Tanaka (MT) scheme is a well-established mean-field model that combines simplicity and good predictive capabilities. The additive tangent MT scheme is a popular variant of the method that is suitable for elastic–viscoplastic composites. This work is concerned with the analysis of some intrinsic features of the additive tangent MT scheme, in particular, of spurious softening in the macroscopic response that may be encountered when the Perzyna-type viscoplasticity model is used. The resulting non-monotonic macroscopic stress–strain response is clearly non-physical, but it also has a negative impact on the efficiency and robustness of the MT model when it is used as a local constitutive model in concurrent multiscale finite-element computations. As shown in the paper, the spurious softening is more pronounced when the so-called soft isotropization is employed to compute the viscoplastic Hill tensor, but it is also observed, although for a much narrower range of material parameters, in the case of the hard isotropization and when no isotropization is applied. Moreover, the softening is promoted at low strain rates, for high elastic contrast, and for high volume fractions of inclusions. Nevertheless, if the soft isotropization is avoided, the additive tangent MT scheme proves to be a feasible and computationally robust mean-field model that can be successfully employed in finite-element computations.

mean-field homogenization, Mori–Tanaka method, isotropization, composite materials, viscoplasticity

Friction in lubricated soft contacts is examined using a ball-on-disc tribometer with the focus on the effect of configuration. In the soft-on-hard and hard-on-soft configurations, one of the contact-pair members is soft while the other one is hard. In the soft-on-soft configuration, both members are soft. For a soft disc, time-dependent viscoelastic deformations contribute to friction. Upon correction for the hysteretic losses, estimated using a theoretical model, the friction coefficient in the full-film regime does not depend on configuration. This holds also for high loads, when the deformations are finite. The combined effect of configuration and surface roughness on the transition from the full-film to the mixed lubrication regime is also examined.

soft-EHL, mixed lubrication, surface roughness, finite deformation

A consistent algorithmic treatment of the incremental Mori–Tanaka (MT) model for elasto-plastic composites is proposed. The aim is to develop a computationally efficient and robust micromechanical constitutive model suitable for large-scale finite-element computations. The resulting overall computational scheme is a doubly-nested iteration-subiteration scheme. The Newton method is used to solve the nonlinear equations at each level involved. Exact linearization is thus performed at each level so that a quadratic convergence rate can be achieved. To this end, the automatic differentiation (AD) technique is used, and the corresponding AD-based formulation is provided. Excellent overall performance of the present MT scheme in threedimensional finite-element computations is illustrated.

Mori–Tanaka method, Composite materials, Elasto-plasticity, Finite element method, Automatic differentiation

The incremental Mori–Tanaka model of elasto-plastic composites is discussed, and the corresponding finite-step formulation is shown to lead to discontinuities in the overall response at the instant of elastic-to-plastic transition in the matrix. Specifically, two situations may be encountered: the incremental equations may have two solutions or no solution. In the former situation, switching between the two solutions is associated with a jump in the overall stress. Response discontinuities are studied in detail for a special case of proportional deviatoric loading. The discontinuities constitute an undesirable feature of the incremental Mori–Tanaka scheme that apparently has not been discussed in the literature so far. Remedies to the related problems are briefly discussed.

mean-field homogenization, Mori–Tanaka method, incremental scheme, composite materials, elasto-plasticity

Soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime is typical for many elastomeric and biological contacts. As one or both contacting bodies are then highly compliant, relatively low contact pressures may lead to large deformations which are neglected in the classical EHL theory. In the paper, the related finite-deformation effects are studied for two representative soft-EHL problems. To this end, a fully-coupled nonlinear formulation has been developed which combines finite-strain elasticity for the solid and the Reynolds equation for the fluid, both treated using the finite element method with full account of all elastohydrodynamic couplings. Results of friction measurements are also reported and compared to theoretical predictions for lubricated contact of a rubber ball sliding against a steel disc under high loads.

Soft-EHL problem, Finite deformation, Finite element method, Monolithic scheme

Significant research effort is concentrated worldwide on development of graphene-based metal-matrix composites with enhanced thermomechanical properties. In this work, we apply two classical micromechanical mean-field theories to estimate the effective thermoelastic properties that can be achieved in practice for a copper–graphene composite. In the modelling, graphene is treated as an anisotropic material, and the effect of its out-of-plane properties, which are less recognized than the in-plane properties, is studied in detail. To address the severe difficulties in processing of graphene-based metal-matrix composites, the copper–graphene composite is here assumed to additionally contain, due to imperfect processing, particles of graphite and voids. It is shown quantitatively that the related imperfections may significantly reduce the expected enhancement of the effective properties. The present predictions are also compared to the experimental data available in the literature.

Metal-matrix composites (MMCs), Mechanical properties, Thermal properties, Micro-mechanics, Graphene

The combined effect of friction and macroscopic plastic deformation on asperity flattening is studied. Crushing of a periodic array of wedge-like asperities is formulated as a rigid-viscoplastic periodic indentation problem with superimposed macroscopic deformation. A micromechanical framework is developed and the corresponding boundary value problem is solved using the finite element method. An anomalous regime of asperity flattening is predicted at low flattening rates, in which the effect of friction on asperity flattening is opposite to that observed in the absence of macroscopic deformation and also at high flattening rates. An incremental elastoplastic analysis confirms this finding.

Asperity flattening, Real contact area, Surface layer, Metal forming

Thermal contact conductance (TCC) is studied in the whole range of real contact area fractions between zero and unity. For this purpose, a two-scale model is developed in which the effective (macroscopic) TCC coefficient is obtained from the solution of the heat conduction problem at the scale of asperities. Additional thermal resistance at the real contact spots is included in the model. The model is applied for several real 3D roughness topographies for which the effective TCC coefficient is determined as a function of the real contact area fraction and the local TCC coefficient at real contact spots. An analytical function is found which approximates this relationship in the whole range of parameters, and a characteristic length-scale parameter is introduced which characterizes the effective TCC properties of a rough surface.

Roughness topography, Real contact area, Thermal contact conductance, Characteristic length

Mean-field homogenization, Mori-Tanaka method, Composite materials, Finite element method